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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztec civilization</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Aztec_society" title="Aztec society">Aztec society</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl language</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Mythology</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Calendar</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztec_medicine" title="Aztec medicine">Medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztec_use_of_entheogens" title="Aztec use of entheogens">Use of entheogens</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_sacrifice_in_Aztec_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Aztec culture">Human sacrifice</a></li>

<li><a href="Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li>

<li><a href="Templo_Mayor" title="Templo Mayor">Templo Mayor</a></li></ul>

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<a href="History_of_the_Aztecs" title="History of the Aztecs">Aztec history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Aztl%C3%A1n" title="Aztlán">Aztlán</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztec_warfare" title="Aztec warfare">Warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztec_codices" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec codices">Codices</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec script</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Tlaxcala_(Nahua_state)" title="Tlaxcala (Nahua state)">Tlaxcallan</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a></li>

<li><a href="Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Fall of Tenochtitlan</a></li></ul>

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<p><b>Aztec philosophy</b> was a school of <a href="Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> that developed out of <a href="Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann1491_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann1491-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aztec <a href="Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> was in some sense <a href="Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualistic</a>, but exhibited a less common form of it known as <a href="Dialectical_monism" title="Dialectical monism">dialectical monism</a>. Aztec philosophy also included <a href="Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> and <a href="Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>. It has been asserted that the central question in Aztec philosophy was how people can find stability and balance in an <a href="Ephemeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephemeral">ephemeral</a> world.<sup id="cite_ref-iepMaffie_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iepMaffie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2></div>

<p>Aztec philosophy saw the concept of <i><a href="Ometeotl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ometeotl">Ometeotl</a></i> as a unity that underlies the universe. Ometeotl forms, shapes, and is all things. Even things in opposition—light, and dark, life and death—were seen as expressions of the same unity, Ometeotl. The belief in a unity with dualistic expressions compares with similar <a href="Dialectical_monism" title="Dialectical monism">dialectical monist</a> ideas in both Western and Eastern philosophies.<sup id="cite_ref-iepMaffie_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iepMaffie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_Aztec_religion">Relation to Aztec religion</h2></div>

<p>Aztec priests had a <a href="Panentheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Panentheistic">panentheistic</a> view of religion but the popular <a href="Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec religion</a> maintained <a href="Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>. Priests saw the different gods as aspects of the singular and transcendent unity of <a href="Teotl" title="Teotl">Teotl</a> but the masses were allowed to practice polytheism without understanding the true, unified nature of their Aztec gods.<sup id="cite_ref-iepMaffie_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iepMaffie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moral_beliefs_and_aesthetics">Moral beliefs and aesthetics</h2></div>

<p>Aztec philosophers focused on morality as establishing balance. The world was seen as constantly shifting with the ever-changing <a href="Teotl" title="Teotl">teotl</a>. Morality focused on finding the path to living a balanced life, which would provide stability in the shifting world.<sup id="cite_ref-iepMaffie_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iepMaffie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Aztec philosophy saw the arts as a way to express the true nature of teotl.<sup id="cite_ref-iepMaffie_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iepMaffie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Art was considered to be good if it in some way brought about a better understanding of teotl.<sup id="cite_ref-iepMaffie_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iepMaffie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Aztecs#Music,_song_and_poetry" title="Aztecs">Aztec poetry</a> was closely tied to philosophy and often used to express philosophic concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-iepMaffie_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iepMaffie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mann1491_poetry_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann1491_poetry-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below is an example of such a poem, translated from the original <a href="Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>:

</p><p><i>No one comes on this earth to stay</i><br>

<i>Our bodies are like rose trees - </i><br>

<i>They grow petals then wither and die.</i><br>

<i>But our hearts are like grass in the springtime,</i><br>

<i>They live on and forever grow green again.<br></i>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="How_did_the_Aztecs_regard_"time"?">How did the Aztecs regard "time"?</h2></div>

<p>James Maffie has explained that the Aztec concept of time (like that of the Mayas) was not one of 'uniform forward flow' whose passage could be accurately measured by a clock or some similar device.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Specific events were regarded as separate, unique entities, only minimally related to those which had occurred immediately before them or to those which followed straight afterwards. Of paramount importance were the positions which they happened to occupy in the 260-day and 360+5-day calendar counts. Also significant were the 584-day Venusian cycle, and indeed the "age-growth cycles" of the people involved (which extended from birth through to old age).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texts">Texts</h2></div>

<p>There is a dearth of material from which Aztec philosophy can be studied with a majority of extant texts written after conquest by either Spanish colonists and missionaries, or <a href="Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianised</a> Spanish educated natives. The conquistadors burned most Aztec (and Mayan) texts. Pre-conquest sources include the <a href="Codex_Borgia" title="Codex Borgia">Codex Borgia</a> and the <a href="Codex_Borbonicus" title="Codex Borbonicus">Codex Borbonicus</a> (written about the time of conquest). Post-conquest texts include the <a href="Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Florentine Codex</a>, <a href="Codex_Mendoza" title="Codex Mendoza">Codex Mendoza</a> and the <a href="Codex_Magliabechiano" title="Codex Magliabechiano">Codex Magliabechiano</a>, including others.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Tlacaelel" title="Tlacaelel">Tlacaelel</a></li>

<li><a href="Government_of_the_Aztec_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Aztec Empire">Government of the Aztec Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_American_philosophy" title="Indigenous American philosophy">Indigenous American philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesoamerican_literature" title="Mesoamerican literature">Mesoamerican literature</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Mann1491-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mann1491_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann, Charles C. <i><a href="1491%3A_New_Revelations_of_the_Americas_Before_Columbus" title="1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus">1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus</a></i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. p, 121.</span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFJames_Maffie2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">James Maffie (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aztec.htm">"Aztec Philosophy"</a>. <i><a href="Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMaffie2014" class="citation book cs1">Maffie, James (2014). "Teotl as Time-Place; pp. 421, 457-459". <i>Aztec Philosophy, Understanding a world in Motion</i>. University Press of Colorado. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-60732-222-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/aztec/">"Aztec Philosophy - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>. <i>www.iep.utm.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li>Maffie, James; <i>Aztec Philosophy: Understanding a World in Motion</i>; 2014: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndpr.nd.edu/news/53017-aztec-philosophy-understanding-a-world-in-motion/">Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews</a>.</li>

<li>Leon-Portilla, Miguel; <i>Native Mesoamerican Spirituality</i>; Jun 27 2002.</li>

<li>Leon-Portilla, Miguel; <i>Aztec Thought and Culture: A Study of the Ancient Nahuatl Mind</i>; 1990.</li>

<li>Leon-Portilla, Miguel; <i>Fifteen Poets of the Aztec World</i>; October 15, 2000.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.apaonline.org/2020/01/09/the-mesoamerican-philosophy-renaissance/">The Mesoamerican Philosophy Renaissance</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Neotaoism</a></li>

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<li><a href="Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li>

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<li><a href="Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li>

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<li><a href="Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li>

<li><a href="Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>

<ul><li><a href="Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li>

<li><a href="Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li>

<li><a href="Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li>

<li><a href="Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li>

<li><a href="Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li>

<li><a href="Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li>

<li><a href="Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></i></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)">Judeo-Islamic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li>

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<li><a href="Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">Collectivism</a></li>

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<li><a href="Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Edo_neo-Confucianism" title="Edo neo-Confucianism">Edo neo-Confucianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li>

<li><a href="Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li>

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<li><a href="Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a>

<li><a href="Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">Absolute</a></li>

<li><a href="British_idealism" title="British idealism">British</a></li>

<li><a href="German_idealism" title="German idealism">German</a></li>

<li><a href="Objective_idealism" title="Objective idealism">Objective</a></li>

<li><a href="Subjective_idealism" title="Subjective idealism">Subjective</a></li>

<li><a href="Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li>

<li><a href="Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li>

<li><a href="Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li>

<li><a href="Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophical_pessimism" title="Philosophical pessimism">Pessimism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li>

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<li><a href="Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaardianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Krausism" title="Krausism">Krausism</a></li>

<li><a href="Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxism</a></li>

<li><a href="Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzscheanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytic feminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical Marxism</a></li>

<li><a href="Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Experimental_philosophy" title="Experimental philosophy">Experimental philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsificationism</a></li>

<li><a href="Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a> / <a href="Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li>

<li><a href="Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta-ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-ethics">Meta-ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Quinean naturalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Postanalytic_philosophy" title="Postanalytic philosophy">Postanalytic philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawlsian</a></li>

<li><a href="Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Transactionalism" title="Transactionalism">Transactionalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Utilitarianism#Developments_in_the_20th_century" title="Utilitarianism">Contemporary utilitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li>

<li><a href="Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li>

<li><a href="Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist</a></li>

<li><a href="Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li>

<li><a href="New_historicism" title="New historicism">New Historicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li>

<li><a href="Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a></li>

<li><a href="Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_cosmism" title="Russian cosmism">Russian cosmism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_region269" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>By region</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="Outline_of_philosophy#Philosophic_traditions_by_region" title="Outline of philosophy">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Bantu</a></li>

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